![]() She later returned to Kazakhstan, where she started research in a Kazakh university. She then became interested in transhumanism and after attending a transhumanism conference in the United States, Elbakyan spent her remaining time in the country doing a research internship at Georgia Institute of Technology. Elbakyan earned her undergraduate degree at Kazakh National Technical University studying information technology, then worked for a year for a computer security firm in Moscow, then joined a research team at the University of Freiburg in Germany in 2010 that was working on a brain–computer interface. ![]() Sci-Hub was created by Alexandra Elbakyan, who was born in Kazakhstan in 1988. History Alexandra Elbakyan at a conference at Harvard (2010) Many Sci-Hub users, including Alexandra Elbakyan herself, maintain the position that Sci-Hub is a moral imperative, and if the operation of Sci-Hub contradicts the law, it is the law that should be changed rather than banning Sci-Hub. Įlbakyan questioned the morality of the publishers' business and the legality of their methods in regards to the right to science and culture under Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while maintaining that Sci-Hub should be "perfectly legal". Publishers have criticized it for violating copyright, reducing the revenue of publishers, and potentially being linked to activities compromising universities' network security, though the cybersecurity threat posed by Sci-Hub may have been exaggerated by publishers. Sci-Hub has been lauded by some in the scientific, academic, and publishing communities for providing access to knowledge generated by the scientific community, which is usually funded by taxpayers (government grants) and with zero royalties paid to the authors. The site has cycled through different domain names since then. Sci-Hub and Elbakyan were sued twice for copyright infringement in the United States, in 20, and lost both cases by default, leading to loss of some of its Internet domain names. ![]() In addition to its intensive use, Sci-Hub stands out among other shadow libraries because of its easy use/reliability and because of the enormous size of its collection: a 2021 study estimated, that Sci-Hub provided access to 95% of all scholarly publications with issued DOI numbers, and on 15 July 2022 Sci-Hub reported that its collection comprises 88,343,822 files. In September 2019, the site's operator(s) said that it served approximately 400,000 requests per day. Sci-Hub was founded in Kazakhstan by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011, in response to the high cost of research papers behind paywalls (see Serials crisis). Unlike Library Genesis, it does not provide access to books. Sci-Hub is a shadow library website that provides free access to millions of research papers, regardless of copyright, by bypassing publishers' paywalls in various ways. ![]() Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients.Thus, they provide a compelling case for real-world gravitational solitons and topological alternatives to black holes from string theory.Hosts material without regard to copyright Incoming photons experience very high redshift, inducing phenomenological horizon-like behaviors from the point of view of photon scattering. We show that topological solitons are remarkably similar to black holes in apparent size and scattering properties, while being smooth and horizonless. We compare these solutions with Schwarzschild black holes by computing null geodesics, deriving Lyapunov exponents, and imaging their geometries as seen by a distant observer. ![]() These are coherent states in string theory corresponding to pure deformations of spacetime through the dynamics of compact extra dimensions. Download a PDF of the paper titled Imaging Topological Solitons: the Microstructure Behind the Shadow, by Pierre Heidmann and 1 other authors Download PDF Abstract:We study photon geodesics in topological solitons that have the same asymptotic properties as Schwarzschild black holes. ![]()
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